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<?php

/**
 * Finds spans of valid and invalid UTF-8 bytes in a given string.
 *
 * This is a low-level tool to power various UTF-8 functionality.
 * It scans through a string until it finds invalid byte spans.
 * When it does this, it does three things:
 *
 *  - Assigns `$at` to the position after the last successful code point.
 *  - Assigns `$invalid_length` to the length of the maximal subpart of
 *    the invalid bytes starting at `$at`.
 *  - Returns how many code points were successfully scanned.
 *
 * This information is enough to build a number of useful UTF-8 functions.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 *     // ñ is U+F1, which in `ISO-8859-1`/`latin1`/`Windows-1252`/`cp1252` is 0xF1.
 *     "Pi\xF1a" === $pineapple = mb_convert_encoding( "Piña", 'Windows-1252', 'UTF-8' );
 *     $at = $invalid_length = 0;
 *
 *     // The first step finds the invalid 0xF1 byte.
 *     2 === _wp_scan_utf8( $pineapple, $at, $invalid_length );
 *     $at === 2; $invalid_length === 1;
 *
 *     // The second step continues to the end of the string.
 *     1 === _wp_scan_utf8( $pineapple, $at, $invalid_length );
 *     $at === 4; $invalid_length === 0;
 *
 * Note! While passing an options array here might be convenient from a calling-code standpoint,
 *       this function is intended to serve as a very low-level foundation upon which to build
 *       higher level functionality. For the sake of keeping costs explicit all arguments are
 *       passed directly.
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @param string    $bytes             UTF-8 encoded string which might include invalid spans of bytes.
 * @param int       $at                Where to start scanning.
 * @param int       $invalid_length    Will be set to how many bytes are to be ignored after `$at`.
 * @param int|null  $max_bytes         Stop scanning after this many bytes have been seen.
 * @param int|null  $max_code_points   Stop scanning after this many code points have been seen.
 * @param bool|null $has_noncharacters Set to indicate if scanned string contained noncharacters.
 * @return int How many code points were successfully scanned.
 */
function _wp_scan_utf8( string $bytes, int &$at, int &$invalid_length, ?int $max_bytes = null, ?int $max_code_points = null, ?bool &$has_noncharacters = null ): int {
	$byte_length       = strlen( $bytes );
	$end               = min( $byte_length, $at + ( $max_bytes ?? PHP_INT_MAX ) );
	$invalid_length    = 0;
	$count             = 0;
	$max_count         = $max_code_points ?? PHP_INT_MAX;
	$has_noncharacters = false;

for ( $i = $at; $i < $end && $count <= $max_count; $i++ ) {
		/*
		 * Quickly skip past US-ASCII bytes, all of which are valid UTF-8.
		 *
		 * This optimization step improves the speed from 10x to 100x
		 * depending on whether the JIT has optimized the function.
		 */
		$ascii_byte_count = strspn(
			$bytes,
			"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f" .
			"\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f" .
			" !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\x7f",
			$i,
			min( $end - $i, $max_count - $count )
		);

if ( $count + $ascii_byte_count >= $max_count ) {
			$at    = $i + ( $max_count - $count );
			$count = $max_count;
			return $count;
		}

$count += $ascii_byte_count;
		$i     += $ascii_byte_count;

if ( $i >= $end ) {
			$at = $end;
			return $count;
		}

/**
		 * The above fast-track handled all single-byte UTF-8 characters. What
		 * follows MUST be a multibyte sequence otherwise there’s invalid UTF-8.
		 *
		 * Therefore everything past here is checking those multibyte sequences.
		 *
		 * It may look like there’s a need to check against the max bytes here,
		 * but since each match of a single character returns, this functions will
		 * bail already if crossing the max-bytes threshold. This function SHALL
		 * NOT return in the middle of a multi-byte character, so if a character
		 * falls on each side of the max bytes, the entire character will be scanned.
		 *
		 * Because it’s possible that there are truncated characters, the use of
		 * the null-coalescing operator with "\xC0" is a convenience for skipping
		 * length checks on every continuation bytes. This works because 0xC0 is
		 * always invalid in a UTF-8 string, meaning that if the string has been
		 * truncated, it will find 0xC0 and reject as invalid UTF-8.
		 *
		 * > [The following table] lists all of the byte sequences that are well-formed
		 * > in UTF-8. A range of byte values such as A0..BF indicates that any byte
		 * > from A0 to BF (inclusive) is well-formed in that position. Any byte value
		 * > outside of the ranges listed is ill-formed.
		 *
		 * > Table 3-7. Well-Formed UTF-8 Byte Sequences
		 *  ╭─────────────────────┬────────────┬──────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────╮
		 *  │ Code Points         │ First Byte │ Second Byte  │ Third Byte  │ Fourth Byte  │
		 *  ├─────────────────────┼────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┤
		 *  │ U+0000..U+007F      │ 00..7F     │              │             │              │
		 *  │ U+0080..U+07FF      │ C2..DF     │ 80..BF       │             │              │
		 *  │ U+0800..U+0FFF      │ E0         │ A0..BF       │ 80..BF      │              │
		 *  │ U+1000..U+CFFF      │ E1..EC     │ 80..BF       │ 80..BF      │              │
		 *  │ U+D000..U+D7FF      │ ED         │ 80..9F       │ 80..BF      │              │
		 *  │ U+E000..U+FFFF      │ EE..EF     │ 80..BF       │ 80..BF      │              │
		 *  │ U+10000..U+3FFFF    │ F0         │ 90..BF       │ 80..BF      │ 80..BF       │
		 *  │ U+40000..U+FFFFF    │ F1..F3     │ 80..BF       │ 80..BF      │ 80..BF       │
		 *  │ U+100000..U+10FFFF  │ F4         │ 80..8F       │ 80..BF      │ 80..BF       │
		 *  ╰─────────────────────┴────────────┴──────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────╯
		 *
		 * @see https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-3/#G27506
		 */

// Valid two-byte code points.
		$b1 = ord( $bytes[ $i ] );
		$b2 = ord( $bytes[ $i + 1 ] ?? "\xC0" );

if ( $b1 >= 0xC2 && $b1 <= 0xDF && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) {
			++$count;
			++$i;
			continue;
		}

// Valid three-byte code points.
		$b3 = ord( $bytes[ $i + 2 ] ?? "\xC0" );

if ( $b3 < 0x80 || $b3 > 0xBF ) {
			goto invalid_utf8;
		}

if (
			( 0xE0 === $b1 && $b2 >= 0xA0 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
			( $b1 >= 0xE1 && $b1 <= 0xEC && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
			( 0xED === $b1 && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0x9F ) ||
			( $b1 >= 0xEE && $b1 <= 0xEF && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0xBF )
		) {
			++$count;
			$i += 2;

// Covers the range U+FDD0–U+FDEF, U+FFFE, U+FFFF.
			if ( 0xEF === $b1 ) {
				$has_noncharacters |= (
					( 0xB7 === $b2 && $b3 >= 0x90 && $b3 <= 0xAF ) ||
					( 0xBF === $b2 && ( 0xBE === $b3 || 0xBF === $b3 ) )
				);
			}

continue;
		}

// Valid four-byte code points.
		$b4 = ord( $bytes[ $i + 3 ] ?? "\xC0" );

if ( $b4 < 0x80 || $b4 > 0xBF ) {
			goto invalid_utf8;
		}

if (
			( 0xF0 === $b1 && $b2 >= 0x90 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
			( $b1 >= 0xF1 && $b1 <= 0xF3 && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
			( 0xF4 === $b1 && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0x8F )
		) {
			++$count;
			$i += 3;

// Covers U+1FFFE, U+1FFFF, U+2FFFE, U+2FFFF, …, U+10FFFE, U+10FFFF.
			$has_noncharacters |= (
				( 0x0F === ( $b2 & 0x0F ) ) &&
				0xBF === $b3 &&
				( 0xBE === $b4 || 0xBF === $b4 )
			);

continue;
		}

/**
		 * When encountering invalid byte sequences, Unicode suggests finding the
		 * maximal subpart of a text and replacing that subpart with a single
		 * replacement character.
		 *
		 * > This practice is more secure because it does not result in the
		 * > conversion consuming parts of valid sequences as though they were
		 * > invalid. It also guarantees at least one replacement character will
		 * > occur for each instance of an invalid sequence in the original text.
		 * > Furthermore, this practice can be defined consistently for better
		 * > interoperability between different implementations of conversion.
		 *
		 * @see https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-5/#G40630
		 */
		invalid_utf8:
		$at             = $i;
		$invalid_length = 1;

// Single-byte and two-byte characters.
		if ( ( 0x00 === ( $b1 & 0x80 ) ) || ( 0xC0 === ( $b1 & 0xE0 ) ) ) {
			return $count;
		}

$b2 = ord( $bytes[ $i + 1 ] ?? "\xC0" );
		$b3 = ord( $bytes[ $i + 2 ] ?? "\xC0" );

// Find the maximal subpart and skip past it.
		if ( 0xE0 === ( $b1 & 0xF0 ) ) {
			// Three-byte characters.
			$b2_valid = (
				( 0xE0 === $b1 && $b2 >= 0xA0 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
				( $b1 >= 0xE1 && $b1 <= 0xEC && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
				( 0xED === $b1 && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0x9F ) ||
				( $b1 >= 0xEE && $b1 <= 0xEF && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0xBF )
			);

$invalid_length = min( $end - $i, $b2_valid ? 2 : 1 );
			return $count;
		} elseif ( 0xF0 === ( $b1 & 0xF8 ) ) {
			// Four-byte characters.
			$b2_valid = (
				( 0xF0 === $b1 && $b2 >= 0x90 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
				( $b1 >= 0xF1 && $b1 <= 0xF3 && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0xBF ) ||
				( 0xF4 === $b1 && $b2 >= 0x80 && $b2 <= 0x8F )
			);

$b3_valid = $b3 >= 0x80 && $b3 <= 0xBF;

$invalid_length = min( $end - $i, $b2_valid ? ( $b3_valid ? 3 : 2 ) : 1 );
			return $count;
		}

return $count;
	}

$at = $i;
	return $count;
}

/**
 * Fallback mechanism for safely validating UTF-8 bytes.
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @see wp_is_valid_utf8()
 *
 * @param string $bytes String which might contain text encoded as UTF-8.
 * @return bool Whether the provided bytes can decode as valid UTF-8.
 */
function _wp_is_valid_utf8_fallback( string $bytes ): bool {
	$bytes_length = strlen( $bytes );
	if ( 0 === $bytes_length ) {
		return true;
	}

$next_byte_at   = 0;
	$invalid_length = 0;

_wp_scan_utf8( $bytes, $next_byte_at, $invalid_length );

return $bytes_length === $next_byte_at && 0 === $invalid_length;
}

/**
 * Fallback mechanism for replacing invalid spans of UTF-8 bytes.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 *     'Pi�a' === _wp_scrub_utf8_fallback( "Pi\xF1a" ); // “ñ” is 0xF1 in Windows-1252.
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @see wp_scrub_utf8()
 *
 * @param string $bytes UTF-8 encoded string which might contain spans of invalid bytes.
 * @return string Input string with spans of invalid bytes swapped with the replacement character.
 */
function _wp_scrub_utf8_fallback( string $bytes ): string {
	$bytes_length   = strlen( $bytes );
	$next_byte_at   = 0;
	$was_at         = 0;
	$invalid_length = 0;
	$scrubbed       = '';

while ( $next_byte_at <= $bytes_length ) {
		_wp_scan_utf8( $bytes, $next_byte_at, $invalid_length );

if ( $next_byte_at >= $bytes_length ) {
			if ( 0 === $was_at ) {
				return $bytes;
			}

return $scrubbed . substr( $bytes, $was_at, $next_byte_at - $was_at - $invalid_length );
		}

$scrubbed .= substr( $bytes, $was_at, $next_byte_at - $was_at );
		$scrubbed .= "\u{FFFD}";

$next_byte_at += $invalid_length;
		$was_at        = $next_byte_at;
	}

return $scrubbed;
}

/**
 * Returns how many code points are found in the given UTF-8 string.
 *
 * Invalid spans of bytes count as a single code point according
 * to the maximal subpart rule. This function is a fallback method
 * for calling `mb_strlen( $text, 'UTF-8' )`.
 *
 * When negative values are provided for the byte offsets or length,
 * this will always report zero code points.
 *
 * Example:
 *
 *     4  === _wp_utf8_codepoint_count( 'text' );
 *
 *     // Groups are 'test', "\x90" as '�', 'wp', "\xE2\x80" as '�', "\xC0" as '�', and 'test'.
 *     13 === _wp_utf8_codepoint_count( "test\x90wp\xE2\x80\xC0test" );
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @param string $text            Count code points in this string.
 * @param ?int   $byte_offset     Start counting after this many bytes in `$text`. Must be positive.
 * @param ?int   $max_byte_length Optional. Stop counting after having scanned past this many bytes.
 *                                Default is to scan until the end of the string. Must be positive.
 * @return int How many code points were found.
 */
function _wp_utf8_codepoint_count( string $text, ?int $byte_offset = 0, ?int $max_byte_length = PHP_INT_MAX ): int {
	if ( $byte_offset < 0 ) {
		return 0;
	}

$count           = 0;
	$at              = $byte_offset;
	$end             = strlen( $text );
	$invalid_length  = 0;
	$max_byte_length = min( $end - $at, $max_byte_length );

while ( $at < $end && ( $at - $byte_offset ) < $max_byte_length ) {
		$count += _wp_scan_utf8( $text, $at, $invalid_length, $max_byte_length - ( $at - $byte_offset ) );
		$count += $invalid_length > 0 ? 1 : 0;
		$at    += $invalid_length;
	}

return $count;
}

/**
 * Given a starting offset within a string and a maximum number of code points,
 * return how many bytes are occupied by the span of characters.
 *
 * Invalid spans of bytes count as a single code point according to the maximal
 * subpart rule. This function is a fallback method for calling
 * `strlen( mb_substr( substr( $text, $at ), 0, $max_code_points ) )`.
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @param string $text              Count bytes of span in this text.
 * @param int    $byte_offset       Start counting at this byte offset.
 * @param int    $max_code_points   Stop counting after this many code points have been seen,
 *                                  or at the end of the string.
 * @param ?int   $found_code_points Optional. Will be set to number of found code points in
 *                                  span, as this might be smaller than the maximum count if
 *                                  the string is not long enough.
 * @return int Number of bytes spanned by the code points.
 */
function _wp_utf8_codepoint_span( string $text, int $byte_offset, int $max_code_points, ?int &$found_code_points = 0 ): int {
	$was_at            = $byte_offset;
	$invalid_length    = 0;
	$end               = strlen( $text );
	$found_code_points = 0;

while ( $byte_offset < $end && $found_code_points < $max_code_points ) {
		$needed      = $max_code_points - $found_code_points;
		$chunk_count = _wp_scan_utf8( $text, $byte_offset, $invalid_length, null, $needed );

$found_code_points += $chunk_count;

// Invalid spans only convey one code point count regardless of how long they are.
		if ( 0 !== $invalid_length && $found_code_points < $max_code_points ) {
			++$found_code_points;
			$byte_offset += $invalid_length;
		}
	}

return $byte_offset - $was_at;
}

/**
 * Fallback support for determining if a string contains Unicode noncharacters.
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @deprecated 7.1.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @see \wp_has_noncharacters()
 *
 * @param string $text Are there noncharacters in this string?
 * @return bool Whether noncharacters were found in the string.
 */
function _wp_has_noncharacters_fallback( string $text ): bool {
	_deprecated_function( __FUNCTION__, '7.1.0' );

return wp_has_noncharacters( $text );
}

/**
 * Converts a string from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8, maintaining backwards compatibility
 * with the deprecated function from the PHP standard library.
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @see \utf8_encode()
 *
 * @param string $iso_8859_1_text Text treated as ISO-8859-1 (latin1) bytes.
 * @return string Text converted into UTF-8.
 */
function _wp_utf8_encode_fallback( $iso_8859_1_text ) {
	$iso_8859_1_text = (string) $iso_8859_1_text;
	$at              = 0;
	$was_at          = 0;
	$end             = strlen( $iso_8859_1_text );
	$utf8            = '';

while ( $at < $end ) {
		// US-ASCII bytes are identical in ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8. These are 0x00–0x7F.
		$ascii_byte_count = strspn(
			$iso_8859_1_text,
			"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f" .
			"\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f" .
			" !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\x7f",
			$at
		);

if ( $ascii_byte_count > 0 ) {
			$at += $ascii_byte_count;
			continue;
		}

// All other bytes transform into two-byte UTF-8 sequences.
		$code_point = ord( $iso_8859_1_text[ $at ] );
		$byte1      = chr( 0xC0 | ( $code_point >> 6 ) );
		$byte2      = chr( 0x80 | ( $code_point & 0x3F ) );

$utf8 .= substr( $iso_8859_1_text, $was_at, $at - $was_at );
		$utf8 .= "{$byte1}{$byte2}";

++$at;
		$was_at = $at;
	}

if ( 0 === $was_at ) {
		return $iso_8859_1_text;
	}

$utf8 .= substr( $iso_8859_1_text, $was_at );
	return $utf8;
}

/**
 * Converts a string from UTF-8 to ISO-8859-1, maintaining backwards compatibility
 * with the deprecated function from the PHP standard library.
 *
 * @since 6.9.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @see \utf8_decode()
 *
 * @param string $utf8_text Text treated as UTF-8 bytes.
 * @return string Text converted into ISO-8859-1.
 */
function _wp_utf8_decode_fallback( $utf8_text ) {
	$utf8_text       = (string) $utf8_text;
	$at              = 0;
	$was_at          = 0;
	$end             = strlen( $utf8_text );
	$iso_8859_1_text = '';

while ( $at < $end ) {
		// US-ASCII bytes are identical in ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8. These are 0x00–0x7F.
		$ascii_byte_count = strspn(
			$utf8_text,
			"\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f" .
			"\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f" .
			" !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\x7f",
			$at
		);

if ( $ascii_byte_count > 0 ) {
			$at += $ascii_byte_count;
			continue;
		}

$next_at        = $at;
		$invalid_length = 0;
		$found          = _wp_scan_utf8( $utf8_text, $next_at, $invalid_length, null, 1 );
		$span_length    = $next_at - $at;
		$next_byte      = '?';

if ( 1 !== $found ) {
			if ( $invalid_length > 0 ) {
				$next_byte = '';
				goto flush_sub_part;
			}

break;
		}

// All convertible code points are two-bytes long.
		$byte1 = ord( $utf8_text[ $at ] );
		if ( 0xC0 !== ( $byte1 & 0xE0 ) ) {
			goto flush_sub_part;
		}

// All convertible code points are not greater than U+FF.
		$byte2      = ord( $utf8_text[ $at + 1 ] );
		$code_point = ( ( $byte1 & 0x1F ) << 6 ) | ( ( $byte2 & 0x3F ) );
		if ( $code_point > 0xFF ) {
			goto flush_sub_part;
		}

$next_byte = chr( $code_point );

flush_sub_part:
		$iso_8859_1_text .= substr( $utf8_text, $was_at, $at - $was_at );
		$iso_8859_1_text .= $next_byte;
		$at              += $span_length;
		$was_at           = $at;

if ( $invalid_length > 0 ) {
			$iso_8859_1_text .= '?';
			$at              += $invalid_length;
			$was_at           = $at;
		}
	}

if ( 0 === $was_at ) {
		return $utf8_text;
	}

$iso_8859_1_text .= substr( $utf8_text, $was_at );
	return $iso_8859_1_text;
}

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What is Football Forecast?

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Football is the most watched and assessed sporting activity on the planet, and with that popularity comes an expanding rate of interest in football prediction. Utilizing kind guides, statistics, methods, and likelihood models, fans, experts, gamblers, and information scientists all try to guess what will happen in a match. Football prediction is basically trying to

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